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• Is the MMSCI a Residential or Online Program?

  For the academic year 2021-2022, the MMSCI program is being planned as a residential program (both the Translational Investigation and Clinical Investigation tracks). The learning model will utilize a mix of in-person and online teaching methods. The main component of MMSCI is the mentored research experience and is required to be residential. Students with extenuating circumstances precluding their ability to be present in Boston may petition the program leadership for an exemption to the residential requirement. These cases will be reviewed on an individual basis.

  On November 4, 2020, in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, Harvard University approved a residency waiver for students for the academic year (AY) 2021-2022who are unable to travel to Boston. This waiver is only for 1 year. Prior to the program start date, students who are unable to come to Boston are required to petition program leadership seeking an exemption. Please note that all plans are subject to change, following University and Governmental policies and guidance.

  Can you provide examples that would qualify for the residency waiver?

  Students with extenuating circumstances precluding their ability to be present in Boston are required to petition program leadership for an exemption. Some examples of exemptions include:

  1. Inability to travel because of government mandates or local travel restrictions.
  2. Inability to travel or obtain a visa because of public health restrictions, either locally in your country or in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
  3. COVID-19 related underlying health issues for the student and/or dependent family members.

  What is the weekly time commitment of this degree program?

  All students are expected to attend all lectures in each course, whether they are delivered by in-person or online teaching methods. One can expect to spend an average of 30 – 40 hours per week engaged with coursework and the mentored research experience.

• • A two-year intensive, mentored research experience at a Harvard-affiliated laboratory in Boston
  • Leading clinical and translational research faculty from Harvard Medical School, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and laboratories from Harvard-affiliated organizations
  • Fully integrated curriculum designed specifically for MMSCI students
  • Contemporary pedagogical approaches such as “flipped classroom” methods, team-based learning and development of critical thinking skills
  • Specialized tracks and pathways for individualized learning
  • A biostatistician will be assigned to each student. They will help the student to download, clean and prepare datasets for analysis; help with analysis and interpretation of data.

• Specialized Tracks and Pathways for Individualized Learning

  To complement individual learning and development, the program provides students the choice of a Clinical Investigation (CI) or a Translational Investigation (TI) track and places a core emphasis on practical skills and team-based approaches in each track’s training. Additionally, the CI track offers a choice of comparative research pathway or a clinical trials pathway for individualized learning.

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Humans are best at understanding, reasoning, and interpreting knowledge. Human knows things, which is knowledge and as per their knowledge they perform various actions in the real world. But how machines do all these things comes under knowledge representation and reasoning. Hence we can describe Knowledge representation as following:

• Knowledge representation and reasoning (KR, KRR) is the part of Artificial intelligence which concerned with AI agents thinking and how thinking contributes to intelligent behavior of agents.
• It is responsible for representing information about the real world so that a computer can understand and can utilize this knowledge to solve the complex real world problems such as diagnosis a medical condition or communicating with humans in natural language.
• It is also a way which describes how we can represent knowledge in artificial intelligence. Knowledge representation is not just storing data into some database, but it also enables an intelligent machine to learn from that knowledge and experiences so that it can behave intelligently like a human.

What to Represent:

Following are the kind of knowledge which needs to be represented in AI systems:

• Object: All the facts about objects in our world domain. E.g., Guitars contains strings, trumpets are brass instruments.
• Events: Events are the actions which occur in our world.
• Performance: It describe behavior which involves knowledge about how to do things.
• Meta-knowledge: It is knowledge about what we know.
• Facts: Facts are the truths about the real world and what we represent.
• Knowledge-Base: The central component of the knowledge-based agents is the knowledge base. It is represented as KB. The Knowledgebase is a group of the Sentences (Here, sentences are used as a technical term and not identical with the English language).

Knowledge: Knowledge is awareness or familiarity gained by experiences of facts, data, and situations. Following are the types of knowledge in artificial intelligence:

Types of knowledge

Following are the various types of knowledge:

1. Declarative Knowledge:

• Declarative knowledge is to know about something.
• It includes concepts, facts, and objects.
• It is also called descriptive knowledge and expressed in declarativesentences.
• It is simpler than procedural language.

2. Procedural Knowledge

• It is also known as imperative knowledge.
• Procedural knowledge is a type of knowledge which is responsible for knowing how to do something.
• It can be directly applied to any task.
• It includes rules, strategies, procedures, agendas, etc.
• Procedural knowledge depends on the task on which it can be applied.

3. Meta-knowledge:

• Knowledge about the other types of knowledge is called Meta-knowledge.

4. Heuristic knowledge:

• Heuristic knowledge is representing knowledge of some experts in a filed or subject.
• Heuristic knowledge is rules of thumb based on previous experiences, awareness of approaches, and which are good to work but not guaranteed.

5. Structural knowledge:

• Structural knowledge is basic knowledge to problem-solving.
• It describes relationships between various concepts such as kind of, part of, and grouping of something.
• It describes the relationship that exists between concepts or objects.

The relation between knowledge and intelligence:

Knowledge of real-worlds plays a vital role in intelligence and same for creating artificial intelligence. Knowledge plays an important role in demonstrating intelligent behavior in AI agents. An agent is only able to accurately act on some input when he has some knowledge or experience about that input.

Let's suppose if you met some person who is speaking in a language which you don't know, then how you will able to act on that. The same thing applies to the intelligent behavior of the agents.

As we can see in below diagram, there is one decision maker which act by sensing the environment and using knowledge. But if the knowledge part will not present then, it cannot display intelligent behavior.

AI knowledge cycle:

An Artificial intelligence system has the following components for displaying intelligent behavior:

• Perception
• Learning
• Knowledge Representation and Reasoning
• Planning
• Execution

The above diagram is showing how an AI system can interact with the real world and what components help it to show intelligence. AI system has Perception component by which it retrieves information from its environment. It can be visual, audio or another form of sensory input. The learning component is responsible for learning from data captured by Perception comportment. In the complete cycle, the main components are knowledge representation and Reasoning. These two components are involved in showing the intelligence in machine-like humans. These two components are independent with each other but also coupled together. The planning and execution depend on analysis of Knowledge representation and reasoning.

Approaches to knowledge representation:

There are mainly four approaches to knowledge representation, which are givenbelow:

1. Simple relational knowledge:

• It is the simplest way of storing facts which uses the relational method, and each fact about a set of the object is set out systematically in columns.
• This approach of knowledge representation is famous in database systems where the relationship between different entities is represented.
• This approach has little opportunity for inference.

Example: The following is the simple relational knowledge representation.

2. Inheritable knowledge:

• In the inheritable knowledge approach, all data must be stored into a hierarchy of classes.
• All classes should be arranged in a generalized form or a hierarchal manner.
• In this approach, we apply inheritance property.
• Elements inherit values from other members of a class.
• This approach contains inheritable knowledge which shows a relation between instance and class, and it is called instance relation.
• Every individual frame can represent the collection of attributes and its value.
• In this approach, objects and values are represented in Boxed nodes.
• We use Arrows which point from objects to their values.
• Example:

3. Inferential knowledge:

• Inferential knowledge approach represents knowledge in the form of formal logics.
• This approach can be used to derive more facts.
• It guaranteed correctness.
• Example: Let's suppose there are two statements:
  1. Marcus is a man
  2. All men are mortal
     Then it can represent as;
     man(Marcus)
     ∀x = man (x) ----------> mortal (x)s

4. Procedural knowledge:

• Procedural knowledge approach uses small programs and codes which describes how to do specific things, and how to proceed.
• In this approach, one important rule is used which is If-Then rule.
• In this knowledge, we can use various coding languages such as LISP language and Prolog language.
• We can easily represent heuristic or domain-specific knowledge using this approach.
• But it is not necessary that we can represent all cases in this approach.

Requirements for knowledge Representation system:

A good knowledge representation system must possess the following properties.

1. 1. Representational Accuracy:
   KR system should have the ability to represent all kind of required knowledge.
2. 2. Inferential Adequacy:
   KR system should have ability to manipulate the representational structures to produce new knowledge corresponding to existing structure.
3. 3. Inferential Efficiency:
   The ability to direct the inferential knowledge mechanism into the most productive directions by storing appropriate guides.
4. 4. Acquisitional efficiency- The ability to acquire the new knowledge easily using automatic methods.

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